Optimizing refuse-derived fuel production from scheduled wastes through Aspen plus simulation.

This study aims to improve the quality of fuel with high calorific value namely Sfuel - a commercial high-quality refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from hazardous waste via modifying the process design and operating parameters of thermal conversion process. The study analyses key parameters of RDF quality, such as calorific value and heavy metal content, before and after process modifications based on the combination of experimental and simulation using Aspen Plus. In this study, the temperature and pressure of the simulation system are varied from 100 to 700 °C and from 1 to 5 bar, respectively. Findings indicate that there are a total of eleven heavy metals and 179 volatile compounds in the "Sfuels". The quality of the targeted product is greatly improved by the metal evaporation at high temperatures and pressures. However, the calorific value of RDF significantly decreases at 700 °C due to a large amount of the carbon content being evaporated. Although the carbon content at high temperatures is significantly lost, the heat from the vapour stream reactor outlet, which is reused to preheat the nitrogen gas stream supplied to the system, reduces energy consumption while improving the thermal conversion efficiency of the system. Besides, low pressure along with high temperature are not the optimal conditions for quality Sfuels improvement by thermal conversion. Results also indicate that electric heating is more economically efficient than natural gas heating.

Environmental influence on abundance and infection patterns of snail intermediate hosts of liver and intestinal flukes in North and Central Vietnam.

Liver and intestinal flukes (LIF) are important groups of foodborne zoonotic trematodes (FZTs) in Southeast Asia, including Vietnam. Their complex life cycles require specific freshwater snail species as the obligatory first intermediate hosts. In 2019, we conducted a longitudinal study in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces in North and Central Vietnam, respectively, to investigate the diversity of LIF and their infection prevalence in relation to snail host abundance and environmental factors. Using a combination of morphological and molecular identification techniques, we identified 10 LIF species infecting 11 snail host species. We observed significant seasonal variation in the mean abundance of several snail host species, with the majority of snails collected during the spring. We also detected seasonal changes in LIF species composition, with the highest species richness reported in the spring. Clonorchis sinensis and Fasciola gigantica, two medically important human liver flukes in Asia, were found only in the spring in Yen Bai. Our study revealed that not all snail host species have the same probability of becoming infected, and we recorded seasonal variations in the prevalence of LIF infection in different snail species in relation to water parameters.

Adsorptive removal of benzene and toluene from aqueous solutions by oxygen-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes derived from rice husk waste: A comparative study.

One of the current directions for sustainable development is to use waste resources to create materials that reduce environmental pollution. In this study, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and their oxygen-functionalized forms (HNO3/H2SO4-oxidized MWCNT, NaOCl-oxidized MWCNT, and H2O2-oxidized MWCNT) were first synthesized from activated carbon (AC) derived from rice husk waste. A comprehensive comparison of the morphological and structural properties of these materials was conducted using FT-IR, BET, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and surface charge analysis. The morphology study suggests that the synthesized MWCNTs have an average outer and inner diameter of about 40 and 20 nm, respectively. Additionally, the NaOCl-oxidized MWCNT possesses the largest interspaces between nanotubes, while the HNO3/H2SO4-oxidized CNT has the most oxygen-functional groups, including -COOH, (Ar)-OH, and C-OH. The adsorption capacities of these materials were also compared for the removal of benzene and toluene. Experimental results have shown that while porosity is the primary factor governing the benzene and toluene adsorption onto AC, functionalization degree and surface chemical characteristics are the determining factors in the adsorption capacity of the as-prepared MWCNTs. The adsorption capacity of these aromatic compounds in an aqueous solution increases in the following order: AC < MWCNT < HNO3/H2SO4-oxidized MWCNT < H2O2-oxidized MWCNT < NaOCl-oxidized MWCNT, and in all cases, toluene is more readily adsorbed than benzene under similar adsorption conditions. Wherein the uptake of both pollutants by the prepared adsorbents in this study is best described by the Langmuir isotherm and obeys the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption mechanism was discussed in a detailed manner.

Isolation of organophosphate pesticides from water using gold nanoparticles doped magnetic three-dimensional graphene oxide.

Pesticides are a large group of pristine organic contaminants, which are widely discharged into environmental water due to agricultural activities. Hence, extraction, determination, and removal of pesticides from water resources are necessary for human health. In this study, novel adsorbent was developed based on three-dimensional magnetic graphene coated with gold nanoparticles (3D-MG@AuNPs) for extraction of chlorpyrifos, dicrotophos, fenitrothion, and piperophos as four specific organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from wastewater and tap water samples. The proposed nanocomposite was characterized; FTIR and EDX are performed for the expected functional groups and elemental analysis, SEM showed the unique and spherical AuNPs are well dispersed over graphene sheets. In this investigation, the important parameters that have effect on the extraction efficiency, including the desorbing solvent, desorbing solvent volume, vortex time, the extraction time, adsorbent dosage, pH of sample solutions, and salt effect were evaluated. In conclusion, the measured amounts of the chosen OPPs were determined using the gas chromatography microelectron capture (µECD-GC) method. Limits of quantification (S/N ratio of 10) and detection (S/N ratio of 3) were attained at concentrations of 0.26-0.43 µg.L-1 and 0.08-0.14 µg.L-1, respectively. According to the results of the investigations, the synthesized 3D-MG@AuNPs did not require any complicated sample preparation methods; therefore, it is a very good choice for solid magnetic phase extraction studies.

A hybrid nanocomposite based on CuFe layered double hydroxide coated graphene oxide for photocatalytic degradation of trimethoprim.

Photocatalytic activation of persulfate (PS) has recently been considered an effective and environmentally friendly approach for antibiotic decomposition due to its high treatment efficiency, low energy consumption, and high reliability. The development of safe and high-performance catalysts is important for PS-based advanced oxidation processes. In this study, a CuFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) coated graphene oxide (CuFe-LDH/GO) composite was constructed as a photocatalyst for trimethoprim (TMP) decomposition. The CuFe-LDH/GO catalyst was prepared via the co-precipitation method and characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray electron microscopy (XPS) techniques. Characterization results revealed that GO was entirely covered by LDH platelets which also kept its hydrotalcite structure in the as-prepared nanocomposite. The average crystallite size of CuFe-LDH/GO was 28.22 nm. The results confirmed that CuFe-LDH/GO exhibited excellent performance for the PS activation with a TMP removal efficiency of 90.8% under UV-light irradiation. Compared with pristine CuFe-LDH, the rate constant of TMP degradation of CuFe-LDH/GO was doubled. The results also indicated that acidic and alkaline conditions were not favorable for TMP degradation, and the catalytic activity of the used photocatalyst has not decreased significantly after 720 h of continuous recycling. Overall, CuFe-LDH/GO could be a promising photocatalyst for the treatment of wastewater containing antibiotics.

Electrochemical degradation of indigo carmine, P-nitrosodimethylaniline and clothianidin on a fabricated Ti/SnO2-Sb/Co-ßPbO2 electrode: Roles of radicals, water matrices effects and performance.

In this study, the kinetic degradation of several typical organic pollutants was performed on a synthetic electrode (Ti/SnO2-Sb/Co-ßPbO2). The surface structure and the electrochemical properties of the prepared electrode were investigated, confirming the successful preparation of the electrode using an electrochemical deposition method. The outer layer (Co-ßPbO2) played an important role in reducing the resistance of the electrode and improving its degradation efficiency. The results showed that indigo carmine (IC), p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO), and clothianidin (CLO) were effectively degraded within 20 min of electrolysis. Their degradation in the electrochemical process followed the first-order kinetic model with the degradation rate constant of IC being higher than that of RNO and CLO. This was proved by the difference in the reactivity of the target pollutants toward oxidizing radicals (i.e., •OH, SO4•-, and Cl•). Their second-order rate constant towards radicals were in the range of 109 - 1010 M-1 s-1 with the highest value being that for IC: k·OH,IC = 15.1 × 109 M-1 s-1 and [Formula: see text]  = 7.4 × 109 M-1 s-1. The study calculated the contribution of some oxidizing species, including direct electron transfer (DET), •OH, SO4•-, and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Solution pH, supporting electrolyte, and water matrix affected the degradation efficiency of pollutants and the contribution of the oxidizing species. Br- and I- ions enhanced the degradation rate of organic pollutants, while Fe2+, HCO3-, and humic acid (HA) reduced it. In addition, the toxicity, total organic carbon (TOC) removal, mineralization current efficiency (MCE), energy consumption, recyclability and stability of the prepared electrode were studied, suggesting that the prepared Ti/SnO2-Sb/Co-ßPbO2 is a good candidate for treating organic pollutants using the electrochemical oxidation process.

An overview of human helminthioses in Vietnam: Their prevention, control and lessons learnt.

In Vietnam, helminthioses remain a major threat to public health and contribute to the maintenance of poverty in highly endemic regions. Through increased awareness of the damaging effects caused by helminthioses, the Vietnamese government has implemented many national programs over the past 30 years for the prevention and control of the most important helminthioses, such as, lymphatic filariasis, soil transmitted helminths, food borne zoonotic helminths, and others. Various control strategies have been applied to reduce or eliminate these worms, e.g. mass drug administration, economic development, control of vectors or intermediate hosts, public health interventions through education, proper composting procedures for excreta potentially containing helminth eggs, and the expansion of food supply chains and improved technologies for the production and inspection of food products. These control measures have resulted in a significant reduction in the distribution and transmission of helminth infections and have improved the overall living conditions and health outcomes of the Vietnamese citizens. However, the persistence of several helminth diseases continues in some endemic areas, especially where poverty is widespread and local traditions include the consumption of raw foods, especially fish and meats. This manuscript provides an overview of the helminth infection prevention and control programs conducted in Vietnam, their achieved results, learned lessons, and future works.

THE DIVERSITY OF CERCARIAE FROM FRESHWATER SNAILS IN LOWLAND AREAS OF BINH DINH AND PHU YEN PROVINCES, VIETNAM.

A survey was conducted in the lowland areas of Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces in south central Vietnam to study the diversity of digenean cercariae within freshwater snails. These regions are known as highly endemic areas for the transmission of liver flukes, Fasciola spp. and Opisthorchis viverrini. In total, 13 snail species were found, and 3 of these were dominant, comprising 51.9% of all collected snails, i.e., Bithynia funiculata, Melanoides tuberculata, and Radix auriculata. Cercariae were found in 5 snail species, and among these, Indoplanorbis exustus had the highest overall prevalence of infection (38.5%). No cercarial infections were found in viviparid and ampullariid snails. Morphological identification resulted in 10 cercariae types that were illustrated and measured. Among them, xiphidiocercariae and echinostomata were the most common, causing 70.55% of all cercariae infections. Bithynia species had the most diverse digenean fauna. Molecular data revealed the presence of cercariae of 13 digenean species, including O. viverrini. The 18S rDNA sequences of echinostomata and xiphidiocercariae type 3, which were shed from different snail hosts, were similar to 2 and 3 digenean species, respectively. In conclusion, our findings highlight the diversity of digenean fauna in Binh Dinh and Phu Yen provinces.

Kinetic study on methylene blue removal from aqueous solution using UV/chlorine process and its combination with other advanced oxidation processes.

This study investigated the kinetic degradation of methylene blue (MB) by a UV/chlorine process and its combination with other advanced oxidation processes. The ∙OH and reactive chlorine species (RCS: Cl∙, ClO∙, etc.) were the primary reactive species, which accounted for 56.7% and 37.6% of MB degradation at pH 7, respectively. The second-order rate constant of Cl∙ towards MB was calculated to be 2.8 × 109 M-1 s-1. When the pH increased from 3 to 7, kMB by ∙OH increased from 0.15 to 0.21 min-1 before being reduced to 0.11 min-1 at pH 11. kMB by RCS continuously reduced from 0.16 to 0.13 min-1 when the pH was increased to 11. Humic acid (HA), Br-, and Cl- inhibited the degradation with kMB in the order: kMB (in HA) < kMB (in Br-) < kMB (in Cl-). HCO3- increased kMB from 0.37 to 0.48 min-1. The experimental and modeling methods fit well, indicating the effectiveness of using Kintecus® in predicting concentrations of free radicals in complex water matrices. TOC removal was achieved at 60% after 30 min in a control process and it was strongly inhibited by the presence of HA, with 22% removal achieved at 5 mgc L-1 HA. UV/chlorine/electrochemical oxidation (UV/chlorine/EO) significantly improves kMB from 0.37 to 0.94 min-1 at a high current (240 mA), while UV/chlorine/H2O2 decreased kMB at a low concentration of 0.01 mM H2O2 (kMB decreased by 6.1%). The results indicate that the energy cost for UV irradiation was the main cost in MB treatment in both UV/chlorine and UV/persulfate (UV/PS) processes, accounting for 91% and 84%, respectively.

Recent progress on adsorption of cadmium ions from water systems using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as an efficient class of porous materials.

Various articles have been written about MOFs, which are organic-inorganic polymer structures that are unique in three-dimensional porosity, crystalline structure, and their ability to adsorb cadmium ion pollutants from aqueous solutions. These materials possess active metal sites, highly porous structures, high specific surfaces, high chemical functionality, and porous topologies. It is necessary to study adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and mechanisms in order to better understand the adsorption process. Adsorption kinetics can provide information about the adsorption rate and reaction pathway of adsorbents. Adsorption isotherms analyze the possibility of absorbances based on the Gibbs equation and thermodynamic theories. Moreover, in practical applications, knowledge of the adsorption mechanism is essential for predicting adsorption reactions and designing MOFs structures. In this review, the latest suggested adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and isotherms of MOFs-based materials for removing cadmium ions are presented. A comparison is then conducted between different MOFs and the mechanisms of cadmium ion removal. We also discuss the future role of MOFs in removing environmental contaminants. Lastly, we discuss the gap in research and limitations of MOFs as adsorbents in actual applications, and probable technology development for the development of cost-efficient and sustainable MOFs for metal ion removal.

Transplanted organoids empower human preclinical assessment of drug candidate for the clinic.

Pharmacodynamic (PD) studies are an essential component of preclinical drug discovery. Current approaches for PD studies, including the analysis of novel kidney disease targeting therapeutic agents, are limited to animal models with unclear translatability to the human condition. To address this challenge, we developed a novel approach for PD studies using transplanted, perfused human kidney organoids. We performed pharmacokinetic (PK) studies with GFB-887, an investigational new drug now in phase 2 trials. Orally dosed GFB-887 to athymic rats that had undergone organoid transplantation resulted in measurable drug exposure in transplanted organoids. We established the efficacy of orally dosed GFB-887 in PD studies, where quantitative analysis showed significant protection of kidney filter cells in human organoids and endogenous rat host kidneys. This widely applicable approach demonstrates feasibility of using transplanted human organoids in preclinical PD studies with an investigational new drug, empowering organoids to revolutionize drug discovery.

Microwave-Assisted Dendropanax morbifera Extract for Cosmetic Applications.

Recently, utilizing natural bioactive compounds for active ingredients in cosmetics has become a growing worldwide trend. More and more studies aim to identify the sources of herbal ingredients for applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields. Additionally, in order to optimize the safety of natural ingredients, choosing an environmentally friendly extraction method also plays an important role. In this work, an eco-friendly extraction technique for Dendropanax morbifera using microwave treatment and microwave-assisted Dendropanax morbifera extract (MA-DME) was investigated. The results indicate that higher yields of MA-DME were obtained than with conventional methods and that D. morbifera's antioxidant properties were enhanced. Moreover, we found that MA-DME exhibited extraordinary antioxidant, anti-aging, and skin-whitening activities. We suggest MA-DME as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient than could be utilized for comprehensive protection of human skin.

Novel moisturized and antimicrobial hand gel based on zinc-aminoclay and Opuntia humifusa extract.

The high antimicrobial ability and low toxicity of zinc-aminoclay (ZnAC) are claimed in our previous reports. In this study, we formulate a novel hand gel based on ZnAC and Opuntia humifusa (O. humifusa) extract, which is a high moisturizing agent. The antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity, moisturizing effect, and clinical skin irritation of the hand gel are evaluated. The hand gel with 0.5 wt.% ZnAC and 1.0 v/v% O. humifusa extract can kill more than 99% Escherichia coli (gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive bacteria) after 24 h. Toxicity evaluation shows that, the hand gel does not affect the viability of mammalian HaCaT cells. Additionally, skin moisture is increased by applying the hand gel while its viscosity is at the standard level of commercial products. The hand gel has a skin irritation index of 0.0 and is classified as a non-irritating product. We successfully formulated hand gel from ZnAC, glucomannan, glycerol, and O. humifusa extract. Owing to the high antimicrobial activity and skin protection of hand gels, they are suitable to be used as hand sanitizers in restaurants, hospitals, and homes effectively.

Insights on foodborne zoonotic trematodes in freshwater snails in North and Central Vietnam.

Foodborne zoonotic trematode (FZT) infections are common neglected tropical diseases in Southeast Asia. Their complicated life cycles involve freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa provinces in North and Central Vietnam, to investigate the diversity of cercariae of potential FZT and to construct the phylogenetic relationship of trematode cercariae based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) region. Among 17 snail species collected from various habitats, 13 were infected by 10 cercarial groups among which parapleurolophocercous, pleurolophocercous, and echinostome cercariae were of zoonotic importance. The monophyletic tree separated cercarial sequences into different groups following the description of the cercariae families in which Haplorchidae, Opisthorchiidae, Echinochasmidae, and Echinostomatidae are important families of FZT. The overall prevalence was different among snail species and habitats and showed a seasonal trend. Parapleurolophocercous and echinostome cercariae emerged as the most common cercariae in snails in Yen Bai, while monostome, echinostome, and megalura cercariae were most common in Thanh Hoa. Using a molecular approach, we identified Parafossarulus striatulus as the first intermediate snail host of Clonorchis sinensis in Thac Ba Lake. Melanoides tuberculata and Bithynia fuchsiana were we identified preferred intermediate snail hosts of a diverse range of trematode species including intestinal flukes (i.e., Haplorchis pumilio and Echinochasmus japonicus) in Yen Bai and Thanh Hoa, respectively.

Assessment and treatment of floodwater in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta using a simple filter system based on silver nanoparticles coated onto activated carbon derived from rice husk.

The floods in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta have long caused a shortage of clean water supply, which has a significant impact on the indigenous people in the region. We have conducted a preliminary survey of the water quality of the Hau Giang River (one of the two main branches of the Mekong River) before, during, and after the flood season. The obtained results demonstrated that the water in the Hau Giang River was highly turbid and contaminated with a large number of harmful microorganisms. Thus, in this study, a simple filter system based on silver nanoparticles coated onto activated carbon derived from rice husk (AgNPs@AC) has been proposed for treating floodwater from the Hau Giang River. The optimal conditions for AgNPs@AC preparation were established. The prepared AgNPs@AC was then characterized using various surface analyses such as SEM, TEM, XRD, BET, FTIR, and DLS. The initial floodwater source would be pre-treated with polyaluminum chloride using the coagulation-sedimentation method to remove the suspended solids before being discharged into the filtration column containing AgNPs@AC. The results showed that the filter system based on AgNPs@AC performed well in removing turbidity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, color, and bacteria from the floodwater. In addition, it was determined that the filter column with a 30 mm thick AgNPs@AC layer could continuously process 1300 m3 of the floodwater and had a service life of more than two months. The findings of this study not only added to our understanding of the floodwater treatment capacity of activated carbon coated nanoparticles, but they also provided valuable information for water treatment plants along the Hau Giang River, aquatic ecosystem researchers, and public health researchers.

Natural core-shell structure activated carbon beads derived from Litsea glutinosa seeds for removal of methylene blue: Facile preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties.

In this study, natural core-shell structure activated carbon beads (ACBs) from Litsea glutinosa seeds were successfully produced, characterized, and applied for adsorption of methylene blue (MB). The ACBs were prepared using single-step carbonization-activation with NaHCO3 at the optimized activation temperature, time, and activating agent concentration of 450 °C, 60 min, and 5%, respectively. Batch experiments were performed to determine the optimum adsorption conditions, suitable kinetic and isotherm models, and thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of MB onto ACBs. The results showed that the ACBs were displayed as highly porous natural core-shell spheres with a diameter of about 5 mm. The adsorption of MB dye on ACBs was a spontaneous endothermic process, followed the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models with the rate-controlling step of both external diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. At the optimum conditions (pH of 9, the contact time of 10 h, the temperature of 40 °C, and an adsorbent dosage of 6 g/L), the maximum adsorption capacity reached 29.03 mg/g. The thermal method turned out to be more suitable for regenerating ACBs compared to the chemical method. The ACBs exhibited high reusability and stability, its adsorption efficiency could maintain more than 90% after five consecutive cycles of use. The electrostatic attraction, π-π interaction, hydrogen bonding, and pore-filling were identified as primary contributions to the adsorption mechanism. The overall results revealed that the ACBs could be used as a potential adsorbent for removing MB from water media.

Identifying Developmental Language Disorder in Vietnamese Children.

Purpose Developmental language disorder (DLD), defined by low language performance despite otherwise normal development, can negatively impact children's social and academic outcomes. This study is the 1st to examine DLD in Vietnamese. To lay the foundation, we identified cases of DLD in Vietnam and explored language-specific characteristics of the disorder. Method Teacher ratings of 1,250 kindergarteners living in Hanoi, Vietnam, were used to recruit children with and without risk for DLD. One hundred four children completed direct measures of vocabulary and language sampling, and their parents completed in-depth surveys. We examined convergence and divergence across tasks to identify measures that could serve as reliable indicators of risk. Then, we compared performance on direct language measures across ability levels. Results There were positive associations between teacher and parent report and between report and direct language measures. Three groups were identified based on convergence across measures: DLD, some risk for DLD, and no risk. The DLD group performed lowest on measures of receptive and expressive vocabulary, mean length of utterance, and grammaticality. Although children with DLD exhibited a greater number of errors, the types of errors found were similar across DLD and No Risk groups. Conclusions Similar to rates found globally, 7% of the kindergarten population in Vietnam exhibited risk for DLD. Results highlight the importance of parent and teacher report and the value of multiple measures to identify DLD. We discuss potential clinical markers for DLD in the Vietnamese language and outline future directions.

Platynosomum fastosum (Trematoda: Dicrocoeliidae) from Cats in Vietnam: Morphological Redescription and Molecular Phylogenetics.

The present study was performed to reveal the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic position of Platynosomum fastosum Kossack, 1910. A total 167 specimens of P. fastosum were collected in 8 (4.9%) out of 163 sets of gall-bladders and bile ducts of cats. The number of worms was 1-105 per infected cat. This species was characterized by having a long and slender body, slightly larger ventral sucker than the oral sucker, indistinct prepharynx, small pharynx, short esophagus, bifurcation midway between 2 suckers, and ceca extending to the posterior end of the body. The length of the partial sequences of ITS1 and 5.8S rDNA of P. fastosum were 990 bp, GC-rich. AT/GC ratio was 0.9, there were 9 polymorphic sites, and intraspecific variations ranged from 0.1% to 0.9%. Phylogenetic analyses by neighbor-joining phylogram inferred from ITS1 rDNA sequences revealed that the genetic distance between P. fastosum specimens ranged from 0.3 to 1.5% while the smallest interspecific distance among dicrocoeliid species was 20.9 %. The redescription and genetic characters of P. fastosum are taxonomically important to recognize future different species of the genus Platynosomum showing high intraspecific and morphological variability.

Single-molecule super-resolution imaging of chromosomes and in situ haplotype visualization using Oligopaint FISH probes.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a powerful single-cell technique for studying nuclear structure and organization. Here we report two advances in FISH-based imaging. We first describe the in situ visualization of single-copy regions of the genome using two single-molecule super-resolution methodologies. We then introduce a robust and reliable system that harnesses single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to visually distinguish the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes in mammalian and insect systems. Both of these new technologies are enabled by renewable, bioinformatically designed, oligonucleotide-based Oligopaint probes, which we augment with a strategy that uses secondary oligonucleotides (oligos) to produce and enhance fluorescent signals. These advances should substantially expand the capability to query parent-of-origin-specific chromosome positioning and gene expression on a cell-by-cell basis.

Septin 9 amplification and isoform-specific expression in peritumoral and tumor breast tissue.

Septins are a large family of GTP-binding proteins abnormally expressed in many solid tumors. Septin 9 (SEPT9) in particular has been found overexpressed in diverse human tumors including breast, head and neck, ovarian, endometrial, kidney, and pancreatic cancer. Although we previously reported SEPT9 amplification in breast cancer, we now show specifically that high-grade breast carcinomas, the subtype with worst clinical outcome, exhibit a significant increase in SEPT9 copy number when compared with other tumor grades. We also present, for the first time, a sensitive and quantitative measure of seven (SEPT9_v1 through SEPT9_v7) isoform variant mRNA levels in mammary epithelial cells. SEPT9_v1, SEPT9_v3, SEPT9_v6, and SEPT9_v7 isoforms were expressed at the highest levels followed by SEPT9_v2 and SEPT9_v5, whereas SEPT9_v4 was almost undetectable. Although most of the isoforms were upregulated in primary tumor tissues relative to the patient-matched peritumoral tissues, SEPT9_v4 remained the lowest expressing isoform. This comprehensive analysis of SEPT9 provides substantial evidence for increased SEPT9 expression as a consequence of genomic amplification and is the first study to profile SEPT9_v1 through SEPT9_v7 isoform-specific mRNA expression in tumor and nontumor tissues from patients with breast cancer.